A century ago Monday, Prohibition got teeth. On Oct. 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, ushering in an era of illegal consumption of alcohol in the United States.
Congress and legislatures across the country had already worked together to propose and ratify the 18th amendment in January of 1919.
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But it took effect a year later, and required laws written to outlaw beer, wine and other intoxicating liquors.
Congressman Andrew Volstead, of Granite Falls, Minn., wrote the particulars, in legislation subsequently known as the Volstead Act.
It even got him on the cover of Time magazine in 1926.
Volstead was an avowed opponent of liquor, and he wasn鈥檛 alone.
The Women鈥檚 Christian Temperance Union influenced many to support Prohibition. World War I also may have played a role: German immigrants, with a long tradition of distilling and brewing, had been suspected of disloyalty for years 鈥� even to the point of feared insurrection in southern Minnesota.
Like Prohibition itself, Volstead was a polarizing figure.
鈥淗e got death threats. People were really angry about this,鈥� said Lori Williamson, acquisitions and outreach coordinator for the Minnesota Historical Society. 鈥淭hey felt that freedoms were being taken away, part of their cultural heritage was being taken away. They were really against prohibition, and he was the focal point for that. So, people put a lot of their anger and resentment on him personally.鈥�
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Eventually, that sentiment won. Volstead was defeated by a Farmer-Labor candidate in 1922. He became legal counsel to National Prohibition Enforcement Bureau, the federal agency charged with enforcing the law he wrote.
When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, he returned to Granite Falls and a private law practice, and died in 1947. His home remains a National Historic Landmark.
The Minnesota Historical Society has to mark the centennial.
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